Table 1  Categories of wayfinding

Direct wayfinding

Finding nodes

Finding nodes refers to searching, evaluating, and orienting nodes, aiming to identify the right resource nodes

Kizito (2016); Li et al. (2016); Kop (2011)

Forming a cognitive map

Forming cognitive maps refers to the learning process in which learners actively establish relationships between nodes or concepts during network navigation

AlDahdouh (2018); Wan &Yu (2020); Chen et al., (2017); Eden (2004);

Connecting nodes

Connecting nodes refers to interactions with the selected nodes and making connections with and between nodes

Li et al. (2016), AlDahdouh, 2018; Wang et al. (2017)

Evaluating and filtering information

Evaluating and filtering information emphasizes monitoring the value of the interaction with the nodes by interacting with the selected nodes

Siemens (2012), Li et al. (2016); Zhou (2018); AlDahdouh (2018)

Indirect wayfinding

Create nodes

Creating nodes refers to when learners act as teachers by creating new knowledge nodes for others to connect with

Griesbaum (2014); Yu et al. (2019); Duan et al., (2019)