Table 1 Use of ChatGPT scale: factor loadings, communalities, and total variance extracted (Study 1)

I use ChatGPT for my course assignments

0.82

0.67

54.721

I use ChatGPT for my course projects

0.78

0.60

I use ChatGPT for my academic activities

0.82

0.67

I can’t think of studies without ChatGPT

0.58

0.34

I rely on ChatGPT for my studies

0.79

0.63

I use ChatGPT to learn course-related concepts

0.76

0.57

I am addicted to ChatGPT when it comes to studies

0.79

0.63

I use ChatGPT to prepare for my tests or quizzes

0.76

0.58

Use of ChatGPT is common nowadays

0.44

0.19

ChatGPT is part of my campus life

0.77

0.59