Table 5 Mean and standard deviation for student (n = 158) and teacher (n = 68) responses to the use of GenAI in the writing process across four divisions of use (A, B, C, D)

Brainstorming

Student

3.55 (1.17)

3.82 (1.15)

3.13 (1.31)

1.99 (1.22)

Teacher

3.53 (1.26)

3.78 (1.18)

3.21 (1.38)

1.65 (1.38)

Outlining

Student

3.27 (1.29)

3.42 (1.28)

2.82 (1.40)

1.84 (1.19)

Teacher

2.96 (1.42)

2.76 (1.37)

2.41 (1.28)

1.34 (0.86)

Writing

Student

2.44 (1.47)

2.91 (1.42)

2.25 (1.43)

1.62 (1.12)

Teacher

2.13 (1.48)

3.15 (1.30)

1.68 (1.04)

1.22 (0.79)

Revision

Student

2.80 (1.41)

3.54 (1.34)

2.62 (1.47)

1.92 (1.24)

Teacher

2.53 (1.46)

3.67 (1.22)

2.10 (1.19)

1.44 (1.07)

Feedback

Student

2.98 (1.38)

3.23 (1.37)

2.80 (1.39)

2.01 (1.23)

Teacher

3.23 (1.27)

3.71 (1.11)

3.03 (1.28)

1.82 (1.28)

Evaluation

Student

2.73 (1.38)

3.11 (1.43)

2.63 (1.42)

1.89 (1.31)

Teacher

3.07 (1.29)

3.54 (1.14)

2.85 (1.39)

1.17 (1.17)

α

Student

0.87

0.78

0.85

0.91

Teacher

0.84

0.79

0.83

0.90