Fig. 1

Average treatment effects and teacher heterogeneity. Bars indicate 90% confidence intervals based on heteroscedasticity robust standard errors. Contrary to Table 4, these graphs show the level of the exam grades rather than the standardized grades used in our regression models. Consequently, the difference between the average values of the treatment and control groups do not match the coefficient estimate on the treatment dummy reported in Column (4) of Table 4. Display raw differences without inclusion of controls. For the pass rate outcome the test of equality of means across treatment status for each teacher suggests a significant difference in the raw means for three teachers, namely Teacher 4 (p = 0.077), Teacher 6 (p = 0.028), and Teacher 10 (p = 0.094). For the exam grade outcome none of the raw differences are significantly different from zero at a 10 percent significance level