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Table 9 Coding items and number of occurrences of the interview results

From: Developing a gamified artificial intelligence educational robot to promote learning effectiveness and behavior in laboratory safety courses for undergraduate students

Classification

Code

GAIER group

AR group

Learning achievement

Improve learning efficiency

2

2

Make learning easier

1

2

Motivate them to study hard

6

1

Learning motivation

Competition motivates learning to win

5

0

Stimulate interest and engagement in learning

8

6

Cognitive load

Interact more and communicate easily

7

3

Provide timely feedback

2

4

Control progress and repeatable course content

3

3

Flow experience

Competitive and enjoyable

4

0

It is very fun

6

4