International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 2 Descriptive data and the ANCOVA result of the learning achievement for the three groups

From: Developing a gamified artificial intelligence educational robot to promote learning effectiveness and behavior in laboratory safety courses for undergraduate students

Group	N	Pre-test Mean	Post-test
Group	N	Pre-test Mean	Mean	S.D	Adjusted mean	F	Post Hoc
(1) GAIER	18	55.28	86.06	8.21	83.57	5.928^**	(1) > (3)
(2)AR	19	45.53	74.63	13.88	77.77		(2) > (3)
(3)TI	16	48.56	68.50	15.12	69.25

^**p < 0.01

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