Table 4 Results of code frequencies and one-way ANOVAs of four collaborative cluster types
From: Multimodal learning analytics of collaborative patterns during pair programming in higher education
Code | Cluster 1 (N = 5) mean (SD) | Cluster 2 (N = 5) mean (SD) | Cluster 3 (N = 6) mean (SD) | Cluster 4 (N = 3) mean (SD) | ANOVA |  | Pairwise comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | F | P | Â |
Verbal communication | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ST | 35.40 (8.05) | 33.60 (7.14) | 30.33 (12.01) | 31.33 (9.45) | 0.28 |  > 0.10 |  |
 QP | 17.60 (7.70) | 20.80 (2.59) | 18.00 (10.77) | 13.67 (2.08) | 0.57 |  > 0.10 |  |
 SR | 30.00 (4.18) | 34.00 (8.63) | 24.67 (9.69) | 23.67 (5.84) | 1.54 |  > 0.10 |  |
 OE | 50.00 (9.70) | 55.00 (9.33) | 47.00 (21.62) | 44.00 (2.00) | 0.45 |  > 0.10 |  |
 AG | 26.60 (9.45) | 38.20 (17.17) | 21.67 (5.79) | 17.33 (11.59) | 2.73 |  > 0.05 |  |
 KC | 22.60 (9.99) | 16.40 (9.63) | 12.17 (3.60) | 5.67 (3.51) | 3.54 |  < 0.05* | Cluster 1 > Cluster 3; Cluster 1 > Cluster 4 |
 CR | 14.80 (7.63) | 13.40 (4.04) | 9.17 (4.54) | 4.00 (2.65) | 3.23 |  < 0.05* | Cluster 1 > Cluster 4; Cluster 2 > Cluster 4 |
 FM | 22.20 (6.54) | 23.40 (5.94) | 15.00 (6.54) | 13.67 (9.07) | 2.38 |  > 0.10 |  |
 NR | 2.60 (1.52) | 3.00 (4.64) | 4.17 (4.96) | 6.33 (3.22) | 0.64 |  > 0.10 |  |
Operational behavior | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 AP | 7.80 (3.11) | 5.40 (2.07) | 6.67 (4.41) | 3.67 (2.08) | 1.13 |  > 0.10 |  |
 AC | 39.80 (7.82) | 33.00 (11.60) | 30.83 (11.41) | 38.67 (21.22) | 0.60 |  > 0.10 |  |
 RP | 17.60 (5.98) | 9.80 (8.08) | 19.33 (7.09) | 22.33 (12.70) | 1.94 |  > 0.10 |  |
 DB | 20.00 (6.36) | 23.40 (9.84) | 30.00 (15.70) | 21.33 (13.58) | 0.74 |  > 0.10 |  |
Facial expression | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 PO | 30.80 (15.45) | 21.80 (4.60) | 18.17 (5.88) | 7.00 (4.58) | 4.46 |  < 0.05* | Cluster 1 > Cluster 3 > Cluster 4; Cluster 2 > Cluster 4 |
 MO | 231.60 (50.62) | 244.20 (28.77) | 210.17 (58.84) | 196.67 (23.86) | 0.89 |  > 0.10 |  |
 NE | 0.20 (0.45) | 0.80 (2.49) | 1.33 (2.81) | 1.33 (1.53) | 0.50 |  > 0.10 |  |