Table 2 Summary of learner engagement dimensions

Fredericks et al. (2004)

Behavioral, emotional, cognitive and studying engagement

Henrie et al. (2015)

Motivation, participation, academic achievement, and interaction with classmates or instructors

Joksimović et al. (2017)

Behavioral, academic, cognitive, and affective engagement

Chen (2018)

Cognitive dimension (thoughts), emotional dimension (feelings), and behavioral dimension (action or interaction)

Ding et al. (2018)

Behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement

Dent et al. (2020)

Behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social engagement