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International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 2 Measurement items

From: Off-task social media multitasking during class: determining factors and mediating mechanism

Constructs

Items

Mean

SD

Loadings

CR

AVE

Internal motivation

IM1: One of the reasons that I take classes is because I want to learn new things

5.09

1.56

0.895

0.921

0.796

IM2: My favorite class is the one makes me engage my brain

4.97

1.45

0.862

IM3: One of the reasons that I take classes because I like the programming course

4.43

1.56

0.919

External motivation

EM1: Academic performance is important for me

5.48

1.30

0.804

0.852

0.742

EM2: What I learned in this course is helpful to my career

5.38

1.25

0.916

  

Self-efficacy

SE1: I am sure I can understand the content of this course

4.52

1.48

0.847

0.957

0.787

SE2: I feel that I have good methods of learning

4.62

1.41

0.871

SE3: I am sure I can successfully complete the assignments and tasks assigned by the teacher

4.34

1.50

0.933

SE4: I believe I can get a good score in this course

4.22

1.41

0.913

SE5: Compared with my classmates, I performed better

4.12

1.49

0.891

SE6: Compared with my classmates, I feel myself know more about the subject

3.65

1.55

0.864

Multitasking preference

MP1: I try to multitask whenever possible

3.70

1.60

0.860

0.844

0.730

MP2: I lose track of time when multitasking

3.88

1.70

0.849

Peer distraction

PD1: I would be distracted when people around me are using digital devices for non-class related purposes

4.29

1.66

0.945

0.937

0.881

PD2: I would be distracted by my friends around me who are using digital devices for non-class related purposes

4.44

1.71

0.933

Off-task social media multitasking

MT1: How often do you check instant messengers during class time?

2.60

0.87

0.793

0.826

0.704

MT2: How often do you browse social networking sites during class time?

2.49

0.89

0.883

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