International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 3 Results from a t-test comparing students’ cognitive load when using a hardcopy and/or E-book for learning (2018) with the AI-enriched book (2019)

From: “Connecting concepts helps put main ideas together”: cognitive load and usability in learning biology with an AI-enriched textbook

Cognitive load	Group	N	Mean	Std. deviation	t	p
Difficulty	Hard/E-book	32	5.72	1.78	5.55	p < 0.001
Difficulty	AI-book	33	3.36	1.64	5.55	p < 0.001
Mental effort	Hard/E-book	31	5.84	1.55	2.71	p < 0.01
Mental effort	AI-book	33	4.67	1.90	2.71	p < 0.01

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