Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the observed variables

1–13

Attendance

10.57

3.09

1–13

LMS module: file

84.64

40.17

1–13

LMS module: assignment

27.92

10.59

1–13

LMS module: forum

3.22

6.61

1–13

LMS module: URL

16.17

12.22

1

Prior knowledge quiz

48

22

2

Formative quiz: review of lecture 1

82.43

18.36

3

Formative quiz: review of lecture 2

80.99

19.15

4

Formative quiz: review of lecture 3

65.89

25

5

Formative quiz: review of lecture 4

78.96

20.99

6

Formative quiz: review of lecture 5

81.3

24.56

7

Formative quiz: review of lecture 6

84.62

24.49

8

Formative quiz: review of lecture 7

70.42

22.69

9

Formative quiz: review of lecture 8

82.5

23.84

10

Formative quiz: review of lecture 9

60

28.89

11

Formative quiz: review of lecture 10

76.68

23.43

12

Formative quiz: review of lecture 11

75.47

25.19

13

Formative quiz: review of lecture 12

74.89

26.23

2–13

Quiz (average score of the 12 formative quizzes)

73.99

24.56

15–17

Course final score

82.02

7.73