|
Construct
|
Path
|
Construct
|
Estimate
|
S. E
|
C. R
|
95% CI
|
|---|
|
VR features
|
←
|
Group size
|
− 0.106
|
0.036
|
− 2.941
|
[− 0.177, − 0.035]
|
|
Usability
|
←
|
VR features
|
0.939
|
0.180
|
5.213
|
[0.586, 1.292]
|
|
Perceived ease of use
|
←
|
Usability
|
0.553
|
0.092
|
5.989
|
[0.373, 0.733]
|
|
Motivation
|
←
|
Usability
|
1.240
|
0.199
|
6.226
|
[0.850, 1.630]
|
|
Cognitive benefits
|
←
|
Usability
|
2.057
|
0.319
|
6.450
|
[1.432, 2.682]
|
|
Control and active learning
|
←
|
Usability
|
1.782
|
0.287
|
6.203
|
[1.219, 2.345]
|
|
Motivation
|
←
|
Perceived ease of use
|
0.216
|
0.043
|
4.971
|
[0.132, 0.300]
|
|
Reflective thinking
|
←
|
Usability
|
1.810
|
0.302
|
5.989
|
[1.218, 2.402]
|
|
Presence
|
←
|
VR features
|
1.065
|
0.204
|
5.213
|
[0.665, 1.465]
|
|
Learning outcomes
|
←
|
Presence
|
0.100
|
0.043
|
2.320
|
[0.016, 0.184]
|
|
Learning outcomes
|
←
|
Motivation
|
0.449
|
0.059
|
7.610
|
[0.333, 0.565]
|
|
Learning outcomes
|
←
|
Cognitive benefits
|
0.217
|
0.047
|
4.649
|
[0.125, 0.309]
|
|
Learning outcomes
|
←
|
Control and active learning
|
0.127
|
0.042
|
2.986
|
[0.045, 0.209]
|
|
Learning outcomes
|
←
|
Reflective thinking
|
0.179
|
0.036
|
5.033
|
[0.108, 0.250]
|
|
Perceived learning effectiveness
|
←
|
Learning outcomes
|
1.003
|
0.055
|
18.251
|
[0.895, 1.111]
|
|
Satisfaction
|
←
|
Learning outcomes
|
0.997
|
0.055
|
18.251
|
[0.889, 1.105]
|
|
Performance achievement
|
←
|
Learning outcomes
|
0.107
|
0.032
|
3.367
|
[0.044, 0.170]
|
|
Perceived usefulness
|
←
|
Usability
|
2.587
|
0.400
|
6.467
|
[1.803, 3.371]
|
|
Performance achievement
|
←
|
Group size
|
− 0.058
|
0.025
|
− 2.373
|
[− 0.107, − 0.009]
|
|
Representational fidelity
|
←
|
VR features
|
2.612
|
0.420
|
6.226
|
[1.789, 3.435]
|
|
Immediacy of control
|
←
|
VR features
|
2.373
|
0.375
|
6.322
|
[1.638, 3.108]
|
- C. R. Critical ratio, CI confidence interval
