Table 3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Higher education

K-12, further education

Teaching and learning setting (students, educators, administrators)

No teaching and learning setting

English, German or Spanish language

Not in English, German or Spanish

Empirical study

Not empirical or primary research

Studies undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic

Studies undertaken before the outbreak of COVID-19

Studies published after January 2020

Published before 2020

Students, educators or administrators as unit of analysis

Unit of analysis not students, educators or administrators