Table 2 The overall analytical framework

Process data

Computer screen recording data (with audio)

Social network analysis (SNA)

To analyze peer interactions through oral communications and constructions of concept map artifacts

Audio data

Content analysis (CA)

To analyze the cognitive and metacognitive dimensions of the discourses

Computer screen recording data

Clickstream analysis (CSA)

To analyze the behavioral dimension of students’ online platform behaviors

Lag sequential analysis (LSA)

To analyze transitions of cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral dimensions

Performance data

concept maps and solution write-ups

Product analysis (PA)

To analyze the final group products of concept maps and write-ups based on previous validated assessment standards

Self-reported data

Post-course questionnaire

Statistical analysis (SA)

To analyze student perceptions about group collaborative quality, student engagement level, and usefulness of the scaffolding