Table 2 Full List of Challenges of Adaptive Learning by Dimensions and Categories

1.1. Usability

X

X

1.2. Learning analytics

X

X

1.3. Accessibility & availability of necessary technical/physical infrastructure

X

X

1.4. Flexible functions of LMS & adaptive learning systems

X

X

1.5. Robustness of IT environment

X

1.6. Robustness of adaptive learning system

X

1.7. Affordable private internet access

X

1.8. Internet access & internet quality on campus

X

1.9. Availability of low cost hard- & software for students

X

2.1. Acceptance of technology

X

X

2.2. Recognising advantages of adaptive learning

X

2.3. Negative attitude towards technology

X

3. Instructional and curriculum elements

3.1. Adaptive learning pedagogy

X

X

3.2. Shift to adaptive teaching and learning

X

X

3.3. (Re) designing instructional materials and courses

X

3.4. Meaningful combination of classroom & online instructions in “blended learning” models

X

3.5 Online communication & interaction

X

3.6. Source of adaptation in adaptive courses

X

3.7. Creating communities of practice (CoP) for adaptive learning

X

3.8. New learning approaches (e.g., collaborative, interactive, problem- & inquiry-based learning)

X

4.1. Need for professional development

X

X

4.2. Commitment & motivation to adopt adaptive learning

X

4.3. High staff workload

X

4.4. Developing digital literacy skills

X

4.5. Changing lecturers’ roles

X

5. Learner characteristics

5.1. Developing self-regulated learning skills

X

X

5.2. Developing digital literacy & media skills

X

X

5.3. Commitment & motivation to new learning approaches

X

6. Institutional strategies

6.1. Institutional commitment to adaptive learning

X

X

6.2. Further development of the “Distance University” strategy

X

6.3. Advancing digital equity

X

6.4. Efficient strategy for adaptive learning

X

7. Management

7.1. Providing technical & didactical support to lecturers

X

X

7.2. Providing support & training to students

X

X

7.3. Developing project management skills & ensuring quality

X

X

7.4. Participative implementation of adaptive learning

X

X

7.5. Forming required competences & expertise in staff

X

7.6. Financial incentives for adaptive learning activities

X

7.7. Clarifying roles of persons involved in the implementation process

X

7.8. Agile, successive implementation of adaptive learning

X

7.9. Changing teaching culture

X

7.10 Hiring instructional designers

X

8. Resources

8.1. Providing personnel & financial resources

X

X

8.2. Time requirements for implementing adaptive learning

X

X

8.3. Increasing efficiency in the utilisation of adaptive courses

X

8.4. ROI: research on effectiveness of adaptive courses

X

8.5. Dedicating IT staff for adaptive learning projects

X