International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 4 Association between cultural dimensions and classification of GenAI

From: Generative AI and the future of higher education: a threat to academic integrity or reformation? Evidence from multicultural perspectives

	For students			For teachers
	Est	OR	CI [low–high]	Est	OR	CI [low–high]
PDI
High	0.37	0.415	0.56–1.87	0.349	0.572	0.27–1.28
Low	0.050	0.513	0.64–1.72	− 0.468	0.625	0.38–1.03
No preference	− 0.142	0.566	0.36–2.07	− 0.461	0.630	0.26–1.51
IDV
High	0.302	0.412	0.14–1.44	0.433	0.599	0.21–1.34
Low	0.055	0.524	0.20–1.47	-0.012	0.987	0.68–1.41
No preference	0.233	0.354	0.13–1.52	0.176	0.682	0.13–1.16
MAS
High	− 0.25	0.833	0.12–0.17	0.247	0.547	0.43–1.37
Low	− 0.027	0.972	0.71–1.32	− 0.325	0.722	0.53–0.98
No preference	0.282	1.326	0.78–2.24	0.295	1.344	0.79–2.29
UAI
High	1.253^***	3.671	1.56–3.68	0.157	0.492	0.31–1.41
Low	0.951^**	1.775	1.20–1.95	− 0.247	0.780	0.60–1.19
No preference	0.179	0.835	0.59–1.18	− 0.162	0.849	0.54–1.13
LTO
High	1.173^**	2.870	1.76–3.98	0.302	0.522	0.76–1.75
Low	0.842^*	1.410	0.78–2.04	0.279	1.322	0.92–1.89
No preference	0.460	0.631	0.37–1.05	− 0.264	0.767	0.45–1.29
IVR
High	− 0.251	0.667	− 0.42–0.17	0.231	0.432	0.47–1.36
Low	− 0.123	0.883	0.65–1.19	0.010	1.010	0.74–1.37
No preference	− 0.373	0.688	0.37–1.26	− 0.360	0.697	0.37–1.29

^***p < 0.001, ^**p < 0.01, ^*p < 0.05, OR odd ratio, Est. estimate, CI confidence interval

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