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Table 7 ANCOVA results for SRL

From: Empowering ChatGPT with guidance mechanism in blended learning: effect of self-regulated learning, higher-order thinking skills, and knowledge construction

Variable

SS

df

Mean square

F

p

Partial η2

Intrinsic motivation

120.4

1

120.41

17.13

 < 0.001***

0.228

Identified regulation

24.6

1

24.6

2.94

0.092

0.048

External regulation

11.8

1

11.8

3.33

0.073

0.054

Amotivation

185.98

1

185.98

24.62

 < 0.001***

0.298

Cognitive engagement

778.4

1

778.4

48.60

 < 0.001***

0.369

Behavioral engagement

133

1

132.88

41.4

 < 0.001***

0.333

Emotional engagement

5.98

1

5.98

3.12

0.082

0.051

Self-efficacy

437.06

1

437.06

26.46

 < 0.001***

0.313

  1. Bold values represent significant difference