Table 2 Rotated factor loadings and Cronbach’s α values for the CoI survey instrument

Factor 1: teaching presence (TP), α = 0.930, mean = 4.72, SD = 0.39

 TP 1

0.728

 TP 2

0.835

 TP 3

0.841

 TP 4

0.746

 TP 5

0.771

 TP 6

0.816

 TP 7

0.614

 TP 8

0.600

 TP 9

0.713

 TP 10

0.517

 TP 11

0.666

 TP 12

0.505

 TP 13

0.719

Factor 2: cognitive presence (CP), α = 0.930, mean = 4.41, SD = 0.52

 CP 1

0.757

 CP 2

0.781

 CP 3

0.766

 CP 4

0.640

 CP 5

0.698

 CP 6

0.684

 CP 7

0.648

 CP 8

0.628

 CP 9

0.632

 CP 10

0.743

 CP 11

0.695

 CP 12

0.589

Factor 3: social presence (SP), α = 0.816, mean = 4.21, SD = 0.58

 SP 1

0.581

 SP 2

0.654

 SP 3

0.609

 SP 4

0.627

 SP 5

0.627

 SP 6

0.612