Table 1 Constructs from past studies that relate to the three components of students’ ARC
Components | Related constructs or factors |
|---|---|
Usefulness | Perceived usefulness of literature circles (Su et al., 2018) |
Perceived benefits of computer-assisted language learning (Aryadoust et al., 2015) | |
Perceived usefulness of collaborative learning (Muñoz-Carril et al., 2021) | |
Affect | Affective/emotional student engagement (Bond & Bedenlier, 2019; Teng & Wang, 2021) |
Affective factor (Aryadoust et al., 2015) Positive attitude towards collaborative learning, perceived enjoyment, satisfaction (Muñoz-Carril et al., 2021) | |
Behavior | Behavioral student engagement (Bond & Bedenlier, 2019; Bond et al., 2020) |
Active behavior in literature circles (Su et al., 2018) |