Table 4 Factor loading for online learning engagement dimensions

Social Engagement α = 0.75

1. I am able to seek help from the course leader when needed

0.763

2. I prefer online courses that develop a sense of community among participants

0.562

3. A good online course is one in which I have a sense of belonging

0.701

4. I enjoy developing relationships with other participants during an online course

0.591

Emotional Engagement α = 0.79

1. I work best when I know clearly what to expect at each stage in an online course

0.732

2. It is helpful when the introduction to an online course explains clearly what prior knowledge is assumed

0.703

3. Online courses should provide for students with different circumstances and needs

0.602

4. I learn more effectively when an online course makes it clear what I need to do to succeed

0.756

Collaborative engagement α = 0.72

1. Working with other students in an online course helps me to learn more effectively

0.636

2. Interacting with teaching staff in an online course helps me to succeed with learning

0.640

3. I appreciate when an online course alerts me to wider opportunities at the university

0.545

4. Getting to know other students in an online course is an aid to building my professional network

0.696

Behavioural engagement α = 0.70

1. I appreciate opportunities to check my learning through quizzes and other activities

0.583

2. Online courses should include support for developing broader academic skills

0.567

3. I make an effort to support and encourage other participants in an online course

0.629

4. A well designed online course offers opportunities for regular interaction with other participants

0.620

Cognitive engagement α = 0.81

1. An online course should challenge me to ask questions about what I am learning

0.672

2. A well designed online course explains how important concepts of the course are connected

0.780

3. I enjoy online courses that deepen my understanding of discipline content

0.700

4. I appreciate opportunities to check my learning through quizzes and other activities

0.709