Table 1 Online Learning Engagement Framework (Redmond et al., 2018, p. 190)

Social

Building community, creating a sense of belonging, developing relationships, and establishing trust

Cognitive

Thinking critically, activating metacognition, integrating ideas, justifying decisions, developing deep discipline understandings, and distributing expertise

Behavioural

Developing academic skills, identifying opportunities and challenges, developing multidisciplinary skills, developing agency, upholding online learning norms, supporting and encouraging peers

Collaborative

Learning with peers, relating to faculty members, connecting to institutional opportunities, and developing professional networks

Emotional

Managing expectations, articulating assumptions, recognising motivations, and committing to learning