Table 8 Items assessed for each variable

Attitudes

AT1

Learning in MOOCs makes my study more satisfying.

AT2

I like learning in MOOCs.

AT3

I feel more motivated when I am learning in MOOCs.

AT4

Because of learning in MOOCs, my study becomes more efficient.

AT5

Learning in MOOCs in an effective way enhances my learning productivity.

AT6

Learning in MOOCs improves my academic performance.

Self-efficacy

SE1

I believe I can learn a lot in MOOCs.

SE2

I’m certain I can understand the most difficult material presented in MOOCs.

SE3

I’m confident I can learn the basic concepts taught in MOOCs.

SE4

I’m confident I can understand the most complex material presented in MOOCs.

SE5

I’m confident I can do an excellent job in MOOCs.

SE6

I expect to do well in MOOCs.

SE7

I’m certain I can master the skills being taught in MOOCs.

SE8

Considering the difficulty of MOOCs and my skills, I think I can do well in MOOCs.

Task value

Intrinsic value

IV1

This MOOC is interesting to me.

IV2

I find studying for this MOOC is interesting.

IV3

Compared to other courses, I like this MOOC very much.

IV4

I am fascinated by this MOOC.

IV5

I enjoy this MOOC.

IV6

This MOOC is exciting to me.

IV7

I like this MOOC.

Attainment value

AV1

Being good at solving problems in this MOOC is important to me.

AV2

Compared to other courses, doing well in this MOOC is important to me.

AV3

Being someone who does well at this MOOC is important to me.

AV4

Doing well at this MOOC is an important part of who I am.

Utility value

UV1

This MOOC is useful for what I want to do after I graduate.

UV2

This MOOC will be important when I get a job or go to graduate school.

UV3

This MOOC will be useful for me later in life.

UV4

What I am learning in this MOOC is useful because they will help me in the future.

Cost

Task effort cost

TE1

This MOOC demands too much of my time.

TE2

I have to put too much energy into this MOOC.

TE3

This MOOC takes up too much time.

TE4

This MOOC is too much work.

TE5

This MOOC requires too much effort.

Loss of valued alternatives

LV1

I have to sacrifice too much to be in this MOOC.

LV2

This MOOC requires me to give up too many other activities I value.

LV3

Taking this MOOC causes me to miss out on too many other things I care about.

LV4

I can’t spend as much time doing the other things that I would like because I am taking this MOOC.

LV5

I pay attention to this MOOC.

Emotional cost

EC1

I worry too much about this MOOC.

EC2

This MOOC is too exhausting.

EC3

This MOOC is emotionally draining.

EC4

This MOOC is too frustrating.

EC5

This MOOC is too stressful.

EC6

This MOOC makes me feel too anxious.

Learning engagement

Cognitive engagement

CE1

When doing coursework in this MOOC, I try to relate what I’m learning to what I already know.

CE2

When I study this MOOC, I try to connect what I am learning with my own experiences.

CE3

I try to make all the different ideas fit together and make sense when I study this MOOC.

CE4

I make up my own examples to help me understand the important concepts I study in this MOOC.

CE5

Before I begin to study this MOOC, I think about what I want to get done.

CE6

When I’m working on my coursework in this MOOC, I stop once in a while and go over what I have been doing.

CE7

As I study this MOOC, I keep track of how much I understand, not just if I am getting the right answers.

CE8

If what I am learning in this MOOC is difficult to understand, I change the way I learn the material.

Behavioral engagement

BE1

I study this MOOC carefully.

BE2

I try hard to do well in this MOOC.

BE3

When I start a new topic in this MOOC, I learn it very carefully.

BE4

I work hard when I start something new in this MOOC.

BE5

I pay attention to this MOOC.

Emotional engagement

EE1

I enjoy learning new things in this MOOC.

EE2

When I work on something in this MOOC, I feel interested.

EE3

When I study this MOOC, I feel curious about what I am learning.

EE4

This MOOC is fun.

EE5

When I work on something in this MOOC, I get involved.

Perceived learning outcomes

PLO1

I have understood the content and concepts in the subject matter of this MOOC.

PLO2

I have learned the knowledge taught in the subject matter of this MOOC.

PLO3

This MOOC expands my knowledge of the subject.

PLO4

I have developed skills on how to apply the knowledge in this MOOC.

PLO5

I have developed the skills of communication and cooperation in this MOOC.

PLO6

I have developed the skills of self-regulated learning in this MOOC.

PLO7

I am pleased with what I learned in this MOOC.

PLO8

I am appreciated the interaction with the instructor in this MOOC.

PLO9

I am appreciated the interaction with peer students in this MOOC.