What rationale would work? Unfolding the role of learners’ attitudes and motivation in predicting learning engagement and perceived learning outcomes in MOOCs

Table 4 Bias-corrected bootstrapped confident intervals of the total, direct and indirect effects among latent variables

Mediation path		B	SE	95% CI for indirect effect
(INV → MV → DV)				BootLLCI	BootULCI
AT → LENG	Total effect	0.529***	0.057	0.414	0.655
	Total direct	0.144*	0.057	0.023	0.288
	Total indirect:	0.385***	0.047	0.301	0.510
	Specific 1: AT → IV → LENG	0.393***	0.045	0.316	0.510
	Specific 2: AT → TE → LENG	− 0.008	0.009	− 0.036	0.005
SE → LENG	Total effect	0.582***	0.053	0.472	0.711
	Total direct	0.197**	0.057	0.088	0.335
	Total indirect:	0.385***	0.047	0.295	0.501
	Specific 1: SE → IV → LENG	0.384***	0.046	0.292	0.497
	Specific 2: SE → TE → LENG	0.001	0.006	− 0.007	0.028
AT → PLO	Total effect	0.541***	0.055	0.424	0.673
	Total direct	0.214***	0.059	0.109	0.384
	Total indirect:	0.327***	0.047	0.237	0.450
	Specific 1: AT → IV → PLO	0.337***	0.044	0.254	0.451
	Specific 2: AT → TE → PLO	− 0.010	0.010	− 0.038	0.006
SE → PLO	Total effect	0.571***	0.052	0.468	0.708
	Total direct	0.231***	0.056	0.116	0.389
	Total indirect:	0.340***	0.045	0.254	0.450
	Specific 1: SE → IV → PLO	0.339***	0.043	0.257	0.448
	Specific 2: SE → TE → PLO	0.001	0.006	− 0.008	0.023

INV = Independent variable, MV = Mediating variable, DV = Dependent variable, AT = Attitudes, SE = Self-efficacy, IV = Intrinsic value, TE = Task effort cost, LENG = Learning engagement, PLO = Perceived learning outcomes. B indicates the strength of the indirect effect. ***p < 0.001. **p < 0.01. *p < 0.05