Table 5 Challenges and solutions to implement flipped classroom

Time consumption

-Video recording increases workload of teachers

-Finding pre-class online materials needs extra effort for teachers

- Students need more time to study before class

- Overall effort increase for students and teachers

- Teachers can divide the course for flip class initially and record a few lectures

- Teachers can add related pre-existing material first

- The institute can provide teacher assistants to manage the workload

- Teachers can create student activity timings according to traditional class

Buil-Fabregá et al. (2019); Hao et al. (2016), Rodríguez-Chueca et al. (2019), Sevillano-Monje et al., (2022) and Zou et al. (2020)

Lack of motivation for pre-class work

- Teachers find it challenging to engage students in learning activities before class

- Students lack motivation to study before class

- Teachers can develop interesting pre-class material-

- Teachers can use gamification in pre-class activities

- Teachers can include graded pre-class activities

Al-Zahrani (2015), Castedo et al., (2018), Karjsnto and Acelajado (2022), Khan and Abdou (2021), Ng and Lo (2022), Park et al., (2018), Steen-Utheim and Foldnes (2017), Yıldız et al., (2022), Zhao et al. (2021), Zou (2020) and Van Vliet et al. (2015)

Lack of guidance out of class

Students unable to ask questions in pre-class

- Develop online channels of communication for students to ask questions

Fraga and Harmon (2015), Günbatar (2021), Li and Li (2022), McLean and Attardi (2018) and Zhao et al. (2021)

Quality of recorded lectures

Students lose interest while watching poor quality lecture

Teachers can develop short video lectures to maintain student interest (5–10 min)

Fraga and Harmon (2015), Kazanidis et al., (2018), Li and Li (2022), Murillo-Zamorano et al., (2019), Pattanaphanchai (2019), Rodríguez-Chueca et al. (2019), Torio (2019) and Wang and Zhu (2019)

Lack of technological resources

Teachers and students lack computers, laptop, mobile and high speed reliable internet connection

- Before flip class method make sure students have required technology to avoid further problems

- Teachers should set up a backup plan in case speed of internet is down (e.g., lecture availability via USB etc.)

Al-Zahrani (2015), Bachiller and Badía (2020) and Mortaza Mardiha et al. (2023)

Adoption of flipped classroom

Hesitant to adopt technology

Faced difficulties in using technology

- Provide training, guidance, and proper support to both teachers and students

Al-Zahrani (2015), Galway et al., (2014), Li and Li (2022), Lopes et al. (2019) and Tomas et al. (2019)