Table 3 Relationship between ICAP framework and learning behaviors in STEM education
Indicator | Definition | Material being manipulated |
|---|---|---|
Passive (P) | • Learners' hands do not touch objects related to STEM activities |  |
Active (A) | • Learners actively operates tablet containing learning materials to solve their questions instead of passively receiving knowledge from instructors | • Tablet |
Constructive (C) | • Learners use laptop and mouse to complete project • Learners assemble Raspberry Pi components to solve project | • Laptop • Mouse • Raspberry Pi |
Interactive (I) | • Learners assist their peers in solving problems and completing tasks and projects | • Hands |
Other (O) | • RASEDS fails to recognize learners' hands • Learners use cellphone to do something unrelated to STEM workshop | • Cellphone |