Insights from a randomized controlled trial of flipped classroom on academic achievement: the challenge of student resistance

Table 2 Effects of flipped classroom on academic achievement

Variables	Estimates	Standard error	t-statistic	p-value
Treatment	0.102	(0.069)	1.48	0.140
Age	0.011	(0.020)	0.54	0.590
Female	− 0.236***	(0.075)	− 3.17	0.002
Non-capital area	0.046	(0.074)	0.62	0.535
International	0.193*	(0.111)	1.73	0.084
Grade in microeconomics	0.177***	(0.011)	16.07	0.000
High school GPA	0.147***	(0.028)	5.26	0.000
Observations	415
R-squared	0.514
F-statistic	79.54
p-value for F	0.000

Robust standard errors in parentheses. The regression includes instructor fixed effects. Outcome is the standardized grade in macroeconomics
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.10