Table 4 Learners’ perceptions of SRL support by AI applications
Phases | Areas | Learners’ perceptions of SRL support | No. of opinions | AI applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Forethought | Metacognition | Helpful for study planning | 16 | Plan Organizer |
Helpful for establishing learning strategies | 2 | AI Companion | ||
Motivation/affect | Helpful for recognizing task value | 9 | AI Companion | |
Activating interests | 1 | AI Companion | ||
No effect on motivation | 4 | AI Companion | ||
Cognition | Helpful for checking prior knowledge | 7 | Pre-question Generator | |
Helpful for acquiring prior knowledge | 3 | Pre-question Generator | ||
Helpful for preparing for the next lesson | 2 | Pre-question Generator | ||
No use due to being annoying or failing to reflect the grade | 4 | Pre-question Generator | ||
Performance | Cognition | Helpful for enhancing understanding of contents | 8 | Intelligent Suggestions |
Metacognition | Supportive of self-monitoring | 12 | AI Analytics | |
Helpful for establishing learning strategies | 4 | AI Analytics | ||
7 | Intelligent Suggestions | |||
Supportive of self-understanding | 2 | AI Analytics | ||
Motivation/affect | Helpful for activating motivation | 12 | AI Analytics | |
Helpful for establishing confidence | 2 | AI Analytics | ||
No effect on attention | 6 | Virtual Human | ||
Distraction from learning | 8 | Virtual Human | ||
Behavior | Providing an easy way to seek help | 16 | AI Agent | |
Preventing procrastination | 1 | Intelligent Suggestions | ||
Helpful for focusing | 2 | Virtual Human | ||
Reflection | Cognition | Supportive of review activities | 16 | Notelink |
Helpful for enhancing understanding of contents | 2 | Adaptive Quiz | ||
Metacognition | Supportive of self-evaluation | 8 | Adaptive Quiz | |
Helpful for establishing learning strategies | 5 | Adaptive Quiz | ||
Supportive of self-understanding | 5 | AI Reflection | ||
Not helpful for obtaining a high grade | 1 | Adaptive Quiz | ||
Motivation/affect | Supportive of self-satisfaction | 8 | AI Reflection | |
1 | Adaptive Quiz | |||
Supportive of a positive learning attitude | 1 | AI Reflection | ||
Not useful due to failing to relate to the grade | 3 | AI Reflection |