Interactive effects of scaffolding digital game-based learning and cognitive style on adult learners’ emotion, cognitive load and learning performance

Table 5 The mean and standardized deviation of learning emotion between scaffolding DGBLs and cognitive styles

Scaffolding DGBL	Cognitive style	N	Positive emotion		Negative emotion		Overall emotion
Scaffolding DGBL	Cognitive style	N	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Non-scaffolding	Serialist	15	3.506 (3.534)	0.361 (0.075)	2.386 (2.314)	0.478 (0.082)	6.121 (6.221)	0.721 (0.117)
Non-scaffolding	Holist	17	3.647 (3.671)	0.229 (0.071)	2.423 (2.447)	0.268 (0.077)	6.224 (6.224)	0.259 (0.110)
Hard scaffolding	Serialist	19	4.439 (4.364)	0.352 (0.074)	1.533 (1.503)	0.271 (0.085)	7.881 (7.861)	0.426 (0.124)
Hard scaffolding	Holist	15	4.040 (3.940)	0.307 (0.085)	1.933 (2.016)	0.392 (0.098)	6.743 (6.734)	0.621 (0.144)
Soft scaffolding	Serialist	15	4.329 (4.242)	0.258 (0.078)	1.919 (1.919)	0.415 (0.089)	7.319 (7.324)	0.483 (0.141)
Soft scaffolding	Holist	16	4.705 (4.702)	0.348 (0.076)	1.384 (1.374)	0.364 (0.086)	8.338 (8.327)	0.619 (0.137)

Number of Serialist and Holist = 49 and 48; Data in the parentheses was adjusted mean and adjusted standard deviation