Interactive effects of scaffolding digital game-based learning and cognitive style on adult learners’ emotion, cognitive load and learning performance

Table 4 Simple main effects of scaffolding DGBLs and cognitive styles on learning emotion

Emotion	Group	Source of variation	SS	MS	F	Sig	Post hoc test
Positive	Cognitive style	Non-scaffolding	0.157	0.157	1.764	0.194
		Hard scaffolding	2.219	2.47	23.003	0.000***	Serialist > Holist ***
		Soft scaffolding	1.616	1.616	16.852	0.000***	Holist > Serialist ***
	Scaffolding	Serialist	7.002	3.501	34.811	0.000***	Hard scaffolding > non- scaffolding* Soft scaffolding > non-scaffolding*
	Scaffolding	Holist	10.465	5.232	60.987	0.000***	Soft scaffolding > non-scaffolding* Soft scaffolding > hard scaffolding*
Negative	Cognitive style	Non-scaffolding	0.011	0.011	0.075	0.786
		Hard scaffolding	2.785	2.785	21.400	0.000***	Holist > Serialist ***
		Soft scaffolding	2.438	2.438	17.649	0.000***	Serialist > Holist ***
	Scaffolding	Serialist	6.683	3.342	22.222	0.000***	Non-scaffolding > soft scaffolding * > hard scaffolding *
	Scaffolding	Holist	9.456	4.728	37.930	0.000***	Non-scaffolding > hard scaffolding * > soft scaffolding*
Overall	Cognitive style	Non-scaffolding	0.085	0.085	0.306	0.584
		Hard scaffolding	10.863	10.863	40.013	0.000***	Serialist > Holist ***
		Soft scaffolding	8.036	8.036	25.864	0.000***	Holist > Serialist ***
	Scaffolding	Serialist	26.457	13.229	44.029	0.000***	Hard scaffolding > soft scaffolding* > non- scaffolding*
	Scaffolding	Holist	39.480	19.740	72.610	0.000***	Soft scaffolding > hard scaffolding* > non scaffolding*