How learner engagement impacts non-formal online learning outcomes through value co-creation: an empirical analysis

Table 3 Reliability and Validity of measurement scales (n = 200)

Constructs	Items	Loadings	T-value	CR	AVE	CA	rho-A
Behavioral engagement (BE)	BE1	0.879	0.401	0.916	0.732	0.878	0.879
	BE2	0.913	0.327
	BE3	0.941	0.371
Cognitive engagement (CE)	CE1	0.795	0.413	0.898	0.639	0.859	0.862
	CE2	0.839	0.463
	CE3	0.807	0.351
Emotional engagement (EE)	EE1	0.855	0.330	0.901	0.740	0.883	0.883
	EE2	0.886	0.302
	EE3	0.810	0.277
	EE4	0.780	0.289
Functional value (FV)	FV1	0.750	0.339	0.836	0.673	0.737	0.762
	FV2	0.862	0.454
	FV3	0.870	0.419
Emotional value (EV)	EV1	0.867	0.351	0.908	0.711	0.864	0.867
	EV2	0.749	0.298
	EV3	0.780	0.303
	EV4	0.812	0.291
Social value (SV)	SV1	0.860	0.407	0.932	0.732	0.908	0.909
	SV2	0.869	0.398
	SV3	0.768	0.396
Personalized vale (PV)	PV1	0.859	0.282	0.924	0.753	0.868	0.890
	PV2	0.855	0.277
	PV3	0.864	0.290
	PV4	0.892	0.302
Instrumental outcomes (IO)	IO1	0.771	0.177	0.937	0.714	0.845	0.888
	IO2	0.830	0.188
	IO3	0.904	0.205
	IO4	0.852	0.192
	IO5	0.840	0.206
	IO6	0.867	0.214
Experiential outcomes (EO)	EO1	0.859	0.314	0.911	0.758	0.849	0.890
	EO2	0.855	0.306
	EO3	0.864	0.280
	EO4	0.892	0.277

^*See the Appendix for detailed questions corresponding to each indicator item