From: Multimodal learning analytics of collaborative patterns during pair programming in higher education
Dimension | Code | Description |
---|---|---|
Verbal communication (Díez-Palomar et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2020) | Self-talk (ST) | A student spoke to himself/herself |
Question proposal(QP) | A student asked some questions | |
Simple response (SR) | A student simply replied to others (e.g., Yes, ahh…) | |
Opinion expression (OE) | A student expressed new ideas, opinions, or solutions | |
Argumentation (AG) | A student argued about other’s communication or operation | |
Knowledge construction (KC) | A student constructed knowledge or shared explicit opinions based on the previous information or perspectives | |
Consensus reaching (CR) | A student reached a consensus to other’s opinions (e.g., I agree that…) | |
Function Maintenance (FM) | A student maintained effective team function through regulative discourse (e.g., Let’s try…) | |
Negative response (NR) | A student ignored, avoided, or responded negatively to what others say | |
Operational behavior (Sun et al., 2021) | Adjusting parameter (AP) | A student adjusted parameters (such as quantity, direction) in a coding block |
Adjusting code (AC) | A student selected, assembled, and adjusted coding block | |
Running program (RP) | A student executed the “Run” command to run the coding blocks | |
Debugging (DB) | A student debugged and modified the coding blocks based on the existing problems | |
Facial expression (Pekrun et al., 2002; Rogat & Adams-Wiggins, 2015) | Positive (PO) | A student expressed positive social emotions such as smiling, nodding |
Moderate (MO) | A student showed no explicit facial expression | |
Negative (NE) | A student expressed negative social feelings by frowning, curling mouth, squinting eyes, etc |