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Table 3 The coding framework

From: Multimodal learning analytics of collaborative patterns during pair programming in higher education

Dimension

Code

Description

Verbal communication (Díez-Palomar et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2020)

Self-talk (ST)

A student spoke to himself/herself

Question proposal(QP)

A student asked some questions

Simple response (SR)

A student simply replied to others (e.g., Yes, ahh…)

Opinion expression (OE)

A student expressed new ideas, opinions, or solutions

Argumentation (AG)

A student argued about other’s communication or operation

Knowledge construction (KC)

A student constructed knowledge or shared explicit opinions based on the previous information or perspectives

Consensus reaching (CR)

A student reached a consensus to other’s opinions (e.g., I agree that…)

Function Maintenance (FM)

A student maintained effective team function through regulative discourse (e.g., Let’s try…)

Negative response (NR)

A student ignored, avoided, or responded negatively to what others say

Operational behavior (Sun et al., 2021)

Adjusting parameter (AP)

A student adjusted parameters (such as quantity, direction) in a coding block

Adjusting code (AC)

A student selected, assembled, and adjusted coding block

Running program (RP)

A student executed the “Run” command to run the coding blocks

 

Debugging (DB)

A student debugged and modified the coding blocks based on the existing problems

Facial expression (Pekrun et al., 2002; Rogat & Adams-Wiggins, 2015)

Positive (PO)

A student expressed positive social emotions such as smiling, nodding

Moderate (MO)

A student showed no explicit facial expression

Negative (NE)

A student expressed negative social feelings by frowning, curling mouth, squinting eyes, etc