International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 5 The adjusted residuals Z scores under two conditions

From: Integration of artificial intelligence performance prediction and learning analytics to improve student learning in online engineering course

	Qel		Ish		Ppr		Pel		GR
	Control	Exp	Control	Exp	Control	Exp	Control	Exp	Control	Exp
Qel	1.62	0.86	− 1.82	− 2.24	1.49	0.51	0.8	− 0.92	− 0.27	2.17*
Ish	− 2.81	− 2.6	17.74*	24.20*	− 7.97	− 12.02	− 1.86	− 4.05	− 9.88	− 13.38
Ppr	3.61*	1.31	− 9.89	− 12.7	13.83*	18.85*	1.36	4.72*	− 4.95	− 6.94
Pel	− 0.7	0.21	− 0.8	− 4.06	0.99	2.35*	2.21*	5.46*	− 0.78	0.21
GR	− 0.83	1.33	− 8.5	− 12.76	− 6.39	− 6.64	− 0.39	− 1.95	16.45*	22.04*

Z scores greater than 1.96 means that the transitional sequence reached a statistical significance, i.e., p < 0.05

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