Table 1 Input and output variables
Variable | Type | Description | Symbol |
|---|---|---|---|
Input | Prerequisite knowledge | A student’s prerequisite knowledge and weekly test scores | \({\mathrm{PK}}_{\mathrm{s}}\) |
Participation frequency | A student’s participation frequency in the group’s discussion | \({\mathrm{Par}}_{\mathrm{group}}\) | |
Discussion depth | Evaluation of a student’s discussion content depth; the depth is scored as superficial-level knowledge (SK), medium-level knowledge (MK), and deep-level knowledge (DK); a final weighted score was calculated as 1NSK + 2NMK + 3NDK, where N represents the occurrence frequency of a code) | \({\mathrm{Dep}}_{\mathrm{dis}}\) | |
Procedural performance | The instructor’s evaluation score of the group’s write-up | \({\mathrm{Perf}}_{\mathrm{write}}\) | |
Output | Learning effectiveness | A student’s weekly learning performance | \({\mathrm{Lrn}}_{\mathrm{eff}}\) |