Table 2 Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) for all dependent variables
Dependent variables | LE + C-L + Pr (n = 27) | LE + C-L (n = 29) | LE + NC-L (n = 28) | IE + C-L (n = 29) | IE + NC-L (n = 28) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Prior knowledge | 2.30 | 1.42 | 2.31 | 1.38 | 2.63 | 1.17 | 2.33 | 1.45 | 2.32 | 1.39 |
Quality of explanations | ||||||||||
 Incorrect | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 1.11 | – | – | – | – |
 Covered main content | 4.41 | 0.93 | 4.17 | 0.93 | 4.14 | 1.11 | – | – | – | – |
Learning performance | 7.09 | 2.28 | 6.52 | 2.85 | 6.89 | 2.23 | 5.29 | 2.23 | 5.82 | 2.07 |
Mental effort | 7.07 | 1.17 | 6.21 | 1.40 | 7.04 | 1.14 | 6.55 | 1.33 | 7.11 | 1.23 |
Percentage fixation duration (%) | ||||||||||
 Video lecture area | 85.61 | 6.16 | 87.27 | 6.75 | 88.18 | 6.21 | 98.42 | 1.98 | 99.59 | 0.50 |
 Co-learner area | 2.57 | 1.47 | 1.51 | 1.30 | – | – | 1.24 | 1.91 | – | – |
 Learner-generated explanations area | 11.81 | 5.46 | 11.22 | 6.59 | 11.76 | 6.21 | – | – | – | – |