International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 2 Multilevel regression on learning persistence and performance in experiment 1

From: Compared to what? Effects of social and temporal comparison standards of feedback in an e-learning context

	Persistence		Performance
	Model 1 B(SE)	Model 2 B(SE)	Model 1 B(SE)	Model 2 B(SE)
Intercept	7.279*** (0.091)	7.278*** (0.091)	0.531*** (0.046)	0.531*** (0.045)
Session level (L1)
Time to exam^a	0.071*** (0.014)	0.071*** (0.014)	0.012* (0.007)	0.012* (0.007)
Session performance^b	2.529*** (0.110)	2.532*** (0.011)
Learning time^a			− 0.048*** (0.007)	− 0.048*** (0.007)
Feedback	− 0.016 (0.011)	− 0.016 (0.011)	− 0.006 (0.006)	− 0.006 (0.006)
Learner level (L2)
Temporal RNO^a	0.048 (0.033)	0.047 (0.033)	− 0.014 (0.012)	− 0.014 (0.012)
Social RNO^a	− 0.038 (0.033)	− 0.039 (0.033)	0.009 (0.012)	0.009 (0.012)
Cross-level-interactions
Temporal RNO × Feedback		0.002 (0.012)		0.005 (0.006)
Social RNO × Feedback		0.025** (0.012)		− 0.006 (0.006)

N = 4108. RNO = reference norm orientation (preferences for comparison standards). Persistence measured as learning time per session (L1, logarithmized), performance as mean performance on items presented with feedback (L1, logarithmized). Effect coding of feedback type (− 1 temporal, 1: social). ^astandardized variables, ^bsession performance entered as p × (p-1) to investigate higher persistence under medium difficultly exercises
*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

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