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Table 5 Confusion matrix of the best classifier with the SMOTE exact method

From: A revised application of cognitive presence automatic classifiers for MOOCs: a new set of indicators revealed?

Predicted labels

Manual labels

Other

Triggering

Exploration

Integration

Resolution

Other

1

2

1

0

0

Triggering

7

19

3

0

0

Exploration

1

7

74

8

1

Integration

0

0

6

13

1

Resolution

0

0

0

3

1

Error rate

0.889

0.321

0.119

0.458

0.667

  1. The bold values denote the number of correct predictions in contrast to the incorrect predictions in the other cells