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International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 5 SEM: the mediation model

From: Online engagement and performance on formative assessments mediate the relationship between attendance and course performance

Measurement model

Latent variable

Observed variable

b

SE

β

p

\({R}^{2}\)

Online learning engagement

      
 

File

1.00

 

0.60

  
 

Forum

0.37

0.13

0.29

 < .001

 
 

URL

1.97

0.34

0.74

 < .001

 
 

Assignment

0.74

0.15

0.39

 < .001

 

Structural model

Dependent variable

Independent variable

b

SE

β

p

\({R}^{2}\)

Online learning engagement

     

0.14***

 

Attendance

0.10

0.02

0.38

 < .001

 

Formative assessments performance

     

0.07***

 

Attendance

0.15

0.04

0.27

 < .001

 

Course final score

     

0.32***

 

Attendance

− 0.04

0.05

− 0.06

.437

 
 

Online learning engagement

0.71

0.34

0.29

 < .001

 
 

Formative assessments performance

0.55

0.07

0.46

 < .001

 
 

Prior

0.10

0.03

0.14

.003

 
  1. ***p < .001, **p < 01, *p < 0.5
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