Table 4 SEM: the baseline model
Measurement model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latent variable | Observed variable | b | SE | β | p | \({R}^{2}\) |
Online learning engagement | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | File | 1.00 | Â | 0.72 | Â | Â |
|  | Forum | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.27 |  < .05 |  |
|  | URL | 1.39 | 0.27 | 0.62 |  < .001 |  |
|  | Assignment | 0.69 | 0.14 | 0.43 |  < .001 |  |
Structural model | Â | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Independent variable | b | SE | β | p | \({R}^{2}\) |
Online learning engagement | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
|  | Attendance | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | – |  |
Formative assessments performance | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
|  | Attendance | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | – |  |
Course final score | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.06*** |
|  | Attendance | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.17 |  < .01 |  |
|  | Online learning engagement | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | – |  |
|  | Formative assessments performance | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | – |  |
|  | Prior | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.15 |  < .01 |  |