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Table 4 Differences in behavioral engagement

From: Effects of using mobile instant messaging on student behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement: a quasi-experimental study

Measurements

MIM

AOD

Number of students enrolled

26

29

 Number of students who participated in discussions

26

28

Number of messages

473

169

 On-task messages

321

169

 Interaction messages

186

47

Number of words in total

22,489

17,289

Participation rate

88.5%

69.5%

Task completion rate

81.4%

69.5%

Interaction rate

51.7%

23.1%