Educational chatbots for project-based learning: investigating learning outcomes for a team-based design course

Table 2 EC design strategies from empirical findings

Factors	Contextualization of RiPE	Kerly et al. (2007)	Gonda et al. (2019)	Smutny and Schreiberova (2020)	Satow (2017)	Stathakarou et al. (2020)	Garcia Brustenga et al. (2018)
Reliability	Easy access to a stable platform	√		√		√
	Privacy	√
	Feedback for continuous improvement	√
Pedagogy	Learning contents that are reliable, precise, and specific to the subject		√	√	√	√	√
	Alignment with learning goals	√	√		√		√
	Active learning that promotes reflection and metacognition	√	√
	Encourages communication and collaboration in the learning community		√
	Personalize learning and feedbacks		√		√
	Progress management		√	√
Experience	Realistic humanized communication with social cue	√		√		√
	Affective interaction (greetings, humor, anthropomorphism, empathy)			√	√	√	√
	Social media and MIM affordance					√