Table 2 Comparison of gains scores between students who preferred online instruction versus those who preferred face-to-face (f2f) instruction for quality of instruction before and after the shift to remote learning
From: University students experience the COVID-19 induced shift to remote instruction
| Item | N | M (SD) | Welch | p | g* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of Communication with the Instructor |
Online 214 f2f 990 |
− .0607 (1.10952) − 1.2111 (1.29901) | 177.463 | < .001 | 1.00 |
| Helpfulness of Communication with the Instructor |
Online 213 f2f 989 |
.0282 (.90552) − .9858 (1.23700) | 190.526 | < .001 | .95 |
| Action & Expression |
Online 212 f2f 989 |
− .0613 (.77338) − .4692 (.91563) | 45.335 | < .001 | .40 |
| Engagement |
Online 211 f2f 986 |
.0379 (.93528) 1.1988 (.72731) | 287.817 | < .001 | 1.40 |
| Representation |
Online 213 f2f 987 |
.6291 (1.04993) .2057 (1.08524) | 28.153 | < .001 | .48 |