Instructional changes instigated by university faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic: the effect of individual, course and institutional factors

Table 3 Results of structural model assessment

Independent variables	Dependent variables	Standardized causal effects			T-statistics	f² Effect size
Independent variables	Dependent variables	Direct	Indirect	Total	T-statistics	f² Effect size
Individual factors	Course factors	0.47		0.47	8.80^***	0.29
Individual factors	Instructional change	0.40	0.07	0.47	6.25^***	0.17
Course factors	Instructional change	0.15		0.15	1.97^*	0.02
Institutional factors	Individual factors	0.23		0.23	3.55^**	0.06
	Course factors	0.11	0.11	0.22	1.90 ^n.s	0.02
	Instructional change	0.12	0.13	0.25	1.87 ^n.s	0.17