Instructional changes instigated by university faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic: the effect of individual, course and institutional factors

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of individual, course, and institutional factors and correlation to instructional change variables

	1.1	1.2	1.3	2.1	2.2	2.3	3.1	3.2	3.3	Correlation to instructional changes
	1.1	1.2	1.3	2.1	2.2	2.3	3.1	3.2	3.3	Change in media/material	Change in practice/behavior	Change in attitude/understanding of teaching and learning	Change total
1.Individual factors
1.1 Innovation propensity	(1)	0.23^***	0.05	0.16^*	.13	0.06	0.07	0.19^**	0.53	0.21^**	0.17^*	0.15^*	0.20^**
1.2 Technology acceptance		(1)	0.08	0.33^**	0.38^**	0.17^*	0.24^**	0.18^**	0.13	0.37^**	0.37^**	0.36^**	0.41^**
1.3 Teaching perspectives			(1)	0.19^**	− 0.01	0.18^*	− 0.02	0.03	0.03	0.00	0.17^*	0.15^*	0.12
2. Course factors
2.1 Media synchronicity				(1)	0.27^**	0.27^**	0.22^**	0.05	0.10	0.25^**	0.34^**	0.34^**	0.35^**
2.2 Amount of modification					(1)	0.05	0.10	0.12	0.13	0.14	0.07	0.13	0.12
2.3 Time spent for the course						(1)	0.16^*	0.03	0.07	0.26^**	0.26^**	0.21^**	0.27^**
3. Institutional factors
3.1 Institutional supports fidelity							(1)	0.30^**	0.54^**	0.29^**	0.19^**	0.20^**	0.25^**
3.2 Nudging strategies								(1)	0.53^**	0.17^*	0.15^*	0.06	0.14^*
3.3 Upheaval strategies									(1)	0.26^**	0.16^*	0.11	0.20^**
M	3.98	3.16	3.88	3.30	2.56	3.99	2.90	3.55	3.77	3.51	3.53	3.32	3.45
SD	0.50	0.74	0.74	1.13	0.76	0.65	1.15	0.68	0.82	1.02	1.11	1.18	0.98