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Table 6 Results of the STM model with 22 topics

From: Past, present, and future of smart learning: a topic-based bibliometric analysis

Topic label

%

Z

p

S

Trend

Interactive and multimedia learning

5.38

-0.36

0.7212

-12

↑

STEM education

3.82

2.69

0.0071

84

↑↑↑

Attendance and attention recognition

4.15

1.65

0.0980

52

↑

Blended learning for smart learning

6.64

3.02

0.0026

94

↑↑↑

Affective and biometric computing

3.54

3.15

0.0016

98

↑↑↑

Collaborative inquiry-based learning

5.09

1.52

0.1273

48

↑

Feedback and assessment

3.61

0.94

0.3468

30

↑

Infrastructure for smart learning

3.55

1.52

0.1273

48

↑

Smart learning analytics

3.66

3.47

0.0005

108

↑↑↑↑

Semantics and ontology

3.94

0.42

0.6732

14

↑

Software engineering for e-learning systems

4.50

3.86

0.0001

120

↑↑↑↑

Apps for smart learning

3.01

2.82

0.0048

88

↑↑↑

Augmented and virtual reality

3.95

1.91

0.0556

60

↑

Sensor and wireless

3.17

1.14

0.2561

36

↑

Context-aware services

3.42

0.81

0.4173

26

↑

Mobile learning

8.26

0.29

0.7703

10

↑

MOOCs and course content management

5.43

3.08

0.0021

96

↑↑↑

Smart learning for special needs education

4.81

-2.04

0.0410

-64

↓↓

IoT and cloud computing

6.28

3.93

0.0001

122

↑↑↑↑

Ecosystem and ambient intelligence

5.70

2.95

0.0032

92

↑↑↑

English and language learning

4.54

1.78

0.0744

56

↑

RFID and laser techniques

3.55

-0.49

0.6265

-16

↓

  1. %: topic proportion; p: significance level; ↑↑(↓↓), ↑↑↑(↓↓↓), ↑↑↑↑(↓↓↓↓): significantly increasing (decreasing) trend with 0.01 <  = p < 0.05, 0.001 <  = p < 0.01, and p <  = 0.001