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Table 2 Stage 2: Frequencies and densities of indicators

From: Does mobile instant messaging facilitate social presence in online communication? A two-stage study of higher education students

Dimensions

Indicators

Total frequency

Average density

MIM

Forum

MIM

Forum

Affective

Expression of emotions

136

12

62

5

Use of humor

18

3

7

2

Self-disclosure

64

33

4

2

Total

218

48

73

9

Interactive

Continuing an idea

113

47

18

10

Asking questions

36

12

4

2.8

Complimenting, expressing appreciation

78

25

12

4.5

Expressing agreement

43

36

5

3.5

Total

270

120

39

21

Cohesive

Vocatives

25

32

2

3

Addressing or referring to the group using inclusive pronouns

125

129

8

7

Phatics

101

6

16

1

Providing support

14

0

8

0

Total

265

167

34

11