Table 2 Final inclusion and exclusion criteria

Published 2007 – Nov 2018

Published before 2007

English or Spanish language

Not in English or Spanish

Higher education

Not higher education

Empirical, primary research

Not primary research (e.g., review)

Indexed in Web of Science, Scopus or EBSCO Education Source

Not a journal article

No artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence use in education

No learning setting