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1. Academic engagement (AE)
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AE1
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Making sure to study on a regular basis
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Adapted from Handelsman et al. (2005)
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AE2
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Finding ways to make the course interesting to me
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AE3
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Thinking about the course between class meetings
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AE4
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Really desiring to learn the material
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AE5
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Having fun in class
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2. E-learning adoption (EA)
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EA1
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I have the knowledge necessary to use the digital learning system on campus.
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Adapted from Chu and Chen (2016)
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EA2
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I have control over the digital learning system on campus.
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A3
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I have the resources necessary to use the digital learning system on campus.
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3. E-learning attitude (ET)
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ET1
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I feel positively about digital learning.
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Adapted from Chu and Chen (2016)
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ET2
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Studying with digital learning is a good idea.
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ET3
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Studying with digital learning is a wise idea.
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ET4
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All things considered, using the digital learning system on campus is beneficial to me.
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4. Digital readiness (DR)
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DR1
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I can generate keywords to search information for academic work.
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Adapted from Hong and Kim (2018)
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DR2
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I can interact with classmates using real-time communication tools (e.g., video conferencing tools or messengers).
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DR3
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I can share my files with classmates using online software.
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DR4
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I can collaborate with classmates using online software.
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