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Table 7 Survey instrument item

From: The roles of academic engagement and digital readiness in students’ achievements in university e-learning environments

Constructs

Items

Reference

1. Academic engagement (AE)

 AE1

Making sure to study on a regular basis

Adapted from Handelsman et al. (2005)

 AE2

Finding ways to make the course interesting to me

 AE3

Thinking about the course between class meetings

 AE4

Really desiring to learn the material

 AE5

Having fun in class

2. E-learning adoption (EA)

 EA1

I have the knowledge necessary to use the digital learning system on campus.

Adapted from Chu and Chen (2016)

 EA2

I have control over the digital learning system on campus.

 A3

I have the resources necessary to use the digital learning system on campus.

3. E-learning attitude (ET)

 ET1

I feel positively about digital learning.

Adapted from Chu and Chen (2016)

 ET2

Studying with digital learning is a good idea.

 ET3

Studying with digital learning is a wise idea.

 ET4

All things considered, using the digital learning system on campus is beneficial to me.

4. Digital readiness (DR)

 DR1

I can generate keywords to search information for academic work.

Adapted from Hong and Kim (2018)

 DR2

I can interact with classmates using real-time communication tools (e.g., video conferencing tools or messengers).

 DR3

I can share my files with classmates using online software.

 DR4

I can collaborate with classmates using online software.