International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

Table 3 Descriptive and inferential statistics of student conceptual learning

From: Undergraduate students’ conceptual interpretation and perceptions of haptic-enabled learning experiences

	Pretest		Posttest		Gain = posttest – pretest
Category	Mean	Std. dev.	Mean	Std. dev.	Mean gain	t	p-value
Total score	5.23	2.06	7.03	1.77	1.8	4.267	0.000
General	1.00	0.64	1.37	0.61	0.37	3.266	0.003
Point charge	1.07	0.74	1.43	0.68	0.37	2.257	0.032
Line charge	1.1	0.71	1.53	0.68	0.43	2.765	0.010
Ring charge	2.06	1.11	2.7	1.02	0.63	2.392	0.023

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