Fig. 4

Tutorial class attendance. Bars indicate 90% confidence intervals based on heteroscedasticity robust standard errors. Display raw differences without inclusion of controls. In Panel A the test of equality of means across treatment status for each teacher suggests a significant difference in the raw means for five teachers at a 10 percent significance level: Teacher 1 (p = 0.034), Teacher 3 (p = 0.068), Teacher 6 (p = 0.000), Teacher 8 (p = 0.047), and Teacher 10 (p = 0.056). In Panel B, the raw differences in attendance are significant for the same teachers as in Panel A and additionally also for Teacher 4: Teacher 1 (p = 0.038), Teacher 3 (p = 0.018), Teacher 4 (p = 0.036), Teacher 6 (p = 0.002), Teacher 8 (p = 0.001), and Teacher 10 (p = 0.024)