Table 1 Summary of dashboard purposes based on Verbert’s LA process model and the number of papers in which they appear

Awareness

31

 Monitor student progress or performance

23

 Monitor the learning behaviour of students

15

 Monitor students’ affective states

4

 Monitor teacher behaviour

1

Reflection, sense-making and decision making

26

 Understand student needs or behaviour patterns

5

 Support assessment

1

 Identify struggling or at-risk students

20

 Support decision making

4

Act

38

 Provide feedback

6

 Provide personalized support

7

 Facilitate intervention

16

 Optimize learning design or materials

11

 Plan the next lesson

3